Bishop Elias (d. 700 CE) and the Standing Caliph Fulūs of Ḥarrān
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Abstract
It is argued that the Greek monogram on the reverse of the Standing Caliph fulūs struck at Ḥarrān resolves to read the name Elias, that this Elias is probably identifiable as the bishop of Ḥarrān of that name who died in 700, and that the identification of the person responsible for striking these coins as a Christian bishop explains why the fulūs struck at Ḥarrān are the only coins of this series that fail to identify the prophet Muhammad as the “messenger of God”.